Indigenous Religions Native American Indians Essay

Around the world, many indigenous religions exist and share their beliefs and culture with other individuals around them. Indigenous religions are unique because in the world today, a lot of people can go back in history and reveal that they came from indigenous people. When examining indigenous religions, there are a variety of cultures within this religion, but specifically looking at the Native American Indian tribes, there were many ways they practiced their culture in order to serve a purpose. In the 19th century, indigenous religions such as the Plain Indians or Native American Indians practiced a religious ceremony every year called the Sun Dance. Specific tribes that participated in this ritual included the Arapaho, Cheyenne, Crow, Sioux, Plains Cree, Plains Ojibway (Chippewa), Ponca, Ute, Shoshone, Kiowa, and Blackfoot. Even though these tribes practiced the same rituals, the way they approached the ceremony varied. When the Sun Dance was first introduced, the origin was unknown, but it still offered these tribes a way of rebirth and renewal within their lives. In the 1900’s the Sun Dance was banned for a short time because it was considered â€Å"superstitious rather than religious† and as a part of the ceremony the tribes would inflict self-torture and that was considered morbid. Eventually, in the mid-20th century (1930), it was no longer banned, and these tribes could continue their ceremony every year. From the 19th century to today, the Sun Dance Ce remony is stillShow MoreRelatedReligion in Latin America; the Age of Discovery and Conquest (1492-1597)1058 Words   |  5 PagesReligion played a big role in shaping the values, attitudes, and conduct of the Spanish during the Age of Discovery and Conquest (1492-1579). The colonial church provided control and a standard of conduct and living for the new world. In fact, the colonial church had even more power in Spanish America then it did in Spain. 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In stark contrast, settlers came to the colonies seeking freedom from the religious persecution in Europe. TheRead MoreInjustices to Native Americans Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesgood Indians are dead Indians, but I believe nine out of every ten are, and I shouldnt like to inquire too closely into the case of the tenth.† Though this was over 250 years after Jamestown and almost four decades after the Trail of Tears Teddy Roosevelt’s attitude toward Native Americans in the late 19th Century seems to have changed little from many of those men and women who first colonized America. After hu ndreds of years of violence, discrimination and forced assimilation the Native American

Puritans in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay

Nathaniel Hawthorne opens his most famous novel, The Scarlet Letter, in the midst of the action. The novel begins with a crowd of Puritan Bostonians waiting anxiously outside the town jailhouse, hoping to see convicts, sinners, and their overall hated fellow citizens be publicly punished and shamed. This is a classic example in medias res, which translates from Latin to mean â€Å"in the middle of things,† according to Encyclopedia Britannica. The concept of introducing a plot while it is occurring and letting the reader infer about the past through context clues and flashbacks developed during the popular phase of epic poetry in ninth century B.C. as seen in Homer’s Odyssey, according to Murray. In medias res is a technique that helps create a†¦show more content†¦This is how the reader is officially introduced to our protagonist, a woman who shows no shame and even took â€Å" the baby on her arm, and, with a burning blush, and yet a haughty smile, and a gla nce that would not be abashed, looked around at her townspeople and neighbours† according to Hawthorne. She embodies fearlessness, but what the reader does not yet know is what unfolded in order to put this bold protagonist in this situation. Hawthorne includes examples of Prynne’s fortitude to foreshadow how successful she found herself even when raising her daughter as a single mother. According to Bloom, Hester Prynne was born in England to a family struggling with financial decay. Though Hester describes her parents as honorable in chapter five, her family had trouble affording the cost of living. In the mid-seventeenth century, the time period Hawhthrone features in The Scarlet Letter, England fought in the English Civil War. According to Professor Barry Coward, England â€Å"was subjected to pressures by the Civil War that could easily have rent apart its social, economic and political order, in the process shattering its internal stability,† meaning that m ost of the country suffered through turmoil. With her family experiencing stress on how to pay for necessities, this must have been the point in time where Hester learned to sew. In the chapter Hester at Her Needle, she supports herself and her infant through sewing and embroidery,Show MoreRelatedPuritan Society In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1127 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne harshly criticizes Puritan society. From hypocrisy to forgiveness, Hawthorne uses hidden messages and motifs to express his criticism of society and to spread his messages. 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He says this to his secret lover, Hester, as she stands on the scaffold in front of the entire Puritan community that the story takes place in. She is standing the re with her three-month old child, Pearl, as a part of her punishmentRead MorePuritan Condemnation Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1030 Words   |  5 PagesPuritan Condemnation â€Å"The Scarlet Letter is the most nearly static of all Hawthorne’s novels.† (73) This opinion-based quote from the article â€Å"The Characters Reveal the Story’s Meaning,† written by Hyatt H. Waggoner, can properly introduce Nathaniel Hawthorne’s most familiar novel, â€Å"The Scarlet Letter.† After close observation of said novel, it can be inferred that there is very little external conflict when comparing the amount of space devoted to exposition and description; the evidence for thisRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1187 Words   |  5 PagesPuritanism in Red Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter shows the early view of Puritanism by concentrating on sin, guilt, and its effects on society. Nathaniel Hawthorne conveyed a dark and romantic style of writing in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, impacting the society by focusing on the concepts of romanticism. The Scarlet Letter is considered a classic book and is still read today. Nathaniel Hathorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804. 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Food Health Nutrition Dissertation Topics Free Essays

1. Introduction to Food Health and Nutrition This guide gives you some ideas for dissertation titles. Food Health and Nutrition covers many areas, so there should be plenty to whet your appetite here. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Health Nutrition Dissertation Topics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dissertations typically take one of two forms, focusing either upon collecting and analyzing primary data or upon appraising secondary data only. Either type can be appropriate to your area of study. You will also find an overview of how to structure your dissertation in section three below. 2. Categories and List of Dissertation Titles 2.1 Food, Nutrition and Public Health 2.1.1 To what extent is legislation around food and nutrition designed to serve the interests of large corporationsA comparison of recent policies in the UK and USA. 2.2.2 What impact have recent advances in nutrigenomics had on public health policies, and what potential does it have to change such policies in the futureA review of literature. 2.1.3 Safe upper limits: have guidelines from the Food Standards Agency produced in 2003 recommending safe limits for a number of vitamins been incorporated into the public awarenessA quantitative study amongst over 50’s UK women. 2.1.4 Food and nutrition: does class count Does the knowledge of the link between obesity and diet vary between socio-economic groupsA qualitative study amongst parents of school children in the UK. 2.1.5 Can the concept of household food security (HFS) offer an adequate tool for investigating attitudes towards nutrition and foodA review of recent literature. 2.1.6Is an interdisciplinary and partnership approach the best way to tackle the growing problem of obesity in the UKA literature review. 2.1.7 Can food policies in school shape parent’s and children’s attitudesA qualitative study in an inner London comprehensive school. 2.1.8‘Good food is too expensive and hard to find’: Do women living in poverty in the inner city find choices about food most limited by education, geographical location, unemployment or lack of fundsAn qualitative study using techniques of action research. 2.2 Global Food Issues 2.2.1 To what extent are emergency food programmes successful in reaching those people most in needA critical analysis of three recent responses to emergency food situations after natural disasters. 2.2.2 Is an integrated global policy on food health and nutrition more possible now than in the twentieth centuryA review of the literature. 2.2.3 What is the impact of inflation upon nutritional health in developing countries A literature review. 2.2.4 To what extent do concepts of health differ from country to countryA quantitative study assessing attitudes towards notions of ‘eating well’, ‘a good diet’ and ‘food that is good for you’. 2.2.5 How effective have zinc supplements been in improving health in developing countriesA ciritcal review of the World Health Organisation’s recent policies, priorities and programmes. 2.2.6 Women: poorly served in healthWhat impact does gender have on nutrient deficiencies worldwide A qualitative study amongst healthcare workers in developing countries. 2.2.7 What impact does foreign direct investment have on problems of nutrition and diet within the developing worldA review of recent literature. 2.2.8 A Mediterranean diet for health: can eating the traditional diet of Mediterranean regions have a positive impact on weightA quantitative study. 2.3 General Food Health and Nutrition 2.3.1 Can a case be made for a vegetarian diet in terms of the long-term sustainability of farming and animal productsA literature review. 2.3.2 To what extent do the elderly suffer poor diet and nutritional deficiencies in UK care homesA review of the literature. 2.3.3Does consumer understanding of sustainability impact upon food choicesA qualitative study amongst buyers in a UK supermarket. 2.3.4 What is the relationship between the obesity epidemic and sustainabilityA systematic review of the literature. 2.3.5 Can educational interventions offer a way to increase biodiversity in foodA quantitative study amongst UK school children. 2.3.6Wild plants and traditional medicine: to what extent do UK residents originally from Eastern Europe use foraged plants medicinally, and is their knowledge dissiminated amongst other UK residentsA qualitative study. 2.3.7Home grown bacon or children’s petWhat prompts decisions to slaughter home-bred pigs, and are these mitigated by the views of children in the familyA qualitative study amongst 10 families who bought pigs to raise and slaughter for meat. 2.3.8 What is the most effective way to develop a sustainable food supply and avoid malnutrition worldwide A qualitative study amongst experts around the world. 2.4 Food, Nutrition and the Consumer 2.4.1 Consumer perceptions of non-Polish users of specialist Polish food retailers in the UK: is there a relationship between previous travel habits and use of Polish food retailersA quantitative study in Crewe, Cheshire. 2.4.2 Eat healthy: which factor is more influential in choice of food products associated with health – colour, labeling or layoutA qualitative study amongst UK consumers using action research techniques. 2.4.3Is there a link between consumer recall of nutritional labeling information and the effective use of such information A quantitative study. 2.4.4 Do people who exercise regularly read food labeling information more frequentlyA qualitative study amongst members of a running club. 2.4.5 Does the perceived attractiveness of other eaters in a restaurant influence customers towards more healthy or lower calorie choices from the menuA quantitative study in three London restaurants. 2.4.6 Nutrigenomics: a new way of personalizing nutrition, or a passing fadA review of recent literature. 2.4.7 Is purchase behaviour regarding functional foods linked to socio-demographics of consumersA quantitative study amongst shoppers in Tesco. 2.4.8 Is there a relationship between willingness to have surgical treatment for obesity and use of food nutrition labels amongst female consumersA quantitative study amongst morbidly obese women in the UK. 2.5 The Science of Food 2.5.1 Is there adequate evidence that soy phytoestrogen supplements sold commercially have a positive impact upon depression and anxiety in humansA systematic review 2.5.2 To what extent do extraction methods impact on the ability of components of Elettaria cardamomum seeds / pods to produce antioxidant and antimicrobial effectsA review of recent literature. 2.5.3 Can taking Selenium reduce the risk of prostate cancer in menA systematic review of literature. 2.5.4 Has the suggested link between eating garlic and reduced risk of cancer been proven, and, if so, by what mechanisms is this reduced risk possibleA literature review. 2.5.5 Can experiments on animals which suggest that endogenous peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) can regulate appetite have implications for the treatment of problems of over-eating in humansA literature review. 2.5.6 Is the evidence that the by-products of coffee decaffeination (crude caffeine) has antioxidant properties sufficient to use it for health benefits, and, if so, what is the most effective way of using itA review of the literature. 2.5.7 Are organically farmed livestock able to offer superior products in terms of biometric and nutritional propertiesA quantitative study comparing meat from organic and non-organic producers. 2.5.8 Another ‘superfood’ Can Maqui Berry extract be used to treat type II diabetes in humansA review of the literature. 3. How to Structure a Food Health Dissertation, Tips For details on how to structure a marketing dissertation, kindly check out the following post: How to Structure a dissertation (chapters) How to structure a dissertation (chapters and subchapters) How to structure a dissertation research proposal How to cite Food Health Nutrition Dissertation Topics, Essays

Case of BHP Billiton for Corporate Governance †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Case study of BHP Billiton for Corporate Governance. Answer: Introduction Corporate governance is a wide-term that incorporates the rules, policies, systems and processes that an organization adopts and implements in its workplace for carrying out its business operations effectively. The main objective of organizations behind the implementation and adoption of a governance framework is to develop a common set of guidelines that directs corporate behavior and ensures its sustainability. The corporate governance system of an organization aims to strengthen the relationship with its stakeholders thus ensuring its long-term growth and development. The development of an appropriate internal governance system is necessary for business organizations to maintain accountability in its operations and minimize the chances of risk occurrence (Corporate governance in Australia, 2003). In this context, the present report aims to analyze and examine the corporate governance practices of BHP Billiton by the application of the relevant concepts, standards and other guiding principles of corporate governance. The report also proposes some recommendations for the company for strengthening its corporate governance system. Brief Description of the BHP Billiton BHP Billiton is the Australian company and it is one of the largest resource companies in Australia. It was incorporated on 13 August, 1885 and the main activities of the company are exploration, mining, development, processing, production, marketing and production of different minerals. Some of the major minerals that company explores and mine are iron ore, potash, silver, nickel, uranium, manganese, aluminum, copper, coal etc. Apart from these activities company is involved in the process of development, production and marketing of conventional oil and gas in different parts of world (Company Profile, 2016). Corporate governance at BHP Billiton is taken as most important function and every activity is purely accounted and reported to management. BHP Billiton is committed to follow the highest level of governance and aims to promote foster environment through involving ethical standards, corporate integrity, personal behavior and respect to others. All the directors work independently to provide unbiased report to the stakeholders so that clear and fair picture of company performance can be seen. Functions and areas of directors are clearly defined and every single step is taken to avoid any regulatory issues. Company has clear set of corporate standards derived from the best class of standards provided by the corporate governance body. Each global function and marketing by BHP Billiton has clear accountability that is approved by the assigned executive directors. In short it can be said that BHP Billiton follows all the parameters that are required in corporate governance reporting (Governance, 2016). Criteria for the review of BHP Billiton Corporate governance Australian government has identified and adopted the best practices of corporate governance for business organizations with the development of ASX Corporate Governance Council. ASX governance council holds the responsibility of ensuring the presence of an effective governance system in Australian corporations (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2014). It has established some core principles that underline good corporate governance system for a business organization that are as follows: Developing Solid Foundation for the Board and Management: Australian corporations should develop and disclose respective roles and responsibilities for board and management. This implies developing solid foundations for management and board of directors by establishing a clear difference between the business functions of the board and the management (Corporate governance in Australia, 2003). Effective Structuring of the Board: Businesses should form an effective composition of the board with uniform size and is committed adequately to discharge its duties and responsibilities. This indicates that board members should be independent of each other roles and responsibilities such as there should be independent directors, chairman, executive officer and nomination committed (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2014). Integrating ethical and responsible decision-making: In this context, business organizations are required to develop their Code of Conduct that establishes their legal obligations and responsibilities towards the stakeholders. The Code of Conduct developed by a business organization also lays foundations for the nature of relationship existing between board, management and other operational employees (Corporate governance in Australia, 2003). Protect Integrity in Financial Reporting: Businesses should have an adequate structure to promote and protect integrity in their financial reporting. This can be achieved by business organizations by developing an audit committee that comprises of indent directors, non-executive directors, independent chairman and at-least three other members. The audit committee holds the responsibility of safeguarding integrity in financial reporting of a business firm (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2014). Timely and Balanced Disclosure of Information: Business organizations are required to disclose all the materialistic information regarding its operations timely. This requires for business to develop written policies that mandates the senior executives to develop and communicate the material information regarding its activities to all the stakeholders regularly (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2014). Protecting Shareholders Rights: Businesses should develop proper communication channel to disclose all the important facts and figures to its shareholders for encouraging their participation in the decision-making practices. This will help the businesses to maintain accountability in their operational activities and gain the trust of all its shareholders (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2014). Effective Risk Management: Business organizations should establish an effective system for identifying and mitigating the risk. This can be achieved by businesses by developing and implementing an internal control system that manages all the materialistic risk related with its operational activities. The internal control system is necessary for business organizations to identify any type of risk in advance so that prevention strategies can be implemented to eliminate its occurrence (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2014). Fair Remuneration: Businesses should ensure that the level and composition of remuneration is sufficient and it is in direct relation with the performances. This can be achieved by business organizations by developing a remuneration committee that establishes the remuneration of executive, non-executive and senior management. (ASX Corporate Governance Council, 2014). Critical review of the organizations governance applying the ASX Corporate Governance Principles BHP Billiton is committed to highest level of performance with implementing an effective corporate governance system. It has strived to develop a work culture that is based on the ethical standards, corporate integrity and respect or others (BHP Billiton, 2016). In accordance with ASX listing rule, BHP Billiton has clearly distinguished the roles and responsibilities of the board and the management. The Board is appointed by the shareholders and is uniformly composed. It consists of majority of non-executive directors who carry out their roles and responsibilities independently and does not hold any responsibility with other groups of people who can influence their decision-making process. The Board maintains an appropriate balance between non-executive and executive directors for maintain the shareholder interests. Directors of the group should possess the qualifications of honesty and integrity and are committed to highest standards of governance (Board Governance Document, 2016). The board holds the responsibility of reviewing the skills and Competencies of each of its member and should determine whether the composition of these skills is in accordance with the corporate purpose. BHP maintains independence of directors by ensuring that majority of the board members are independent and also all the members of risk, audit and remuneration committee also conducts their responsibility in an independent manner. The Board holds the authority of maintaining independency of directors from the management, shareholders group and administrator and ensuring that all directors take independent judgment on the board decisions (Board Governance Document, 2016). BHP Billiton has also developed its unique Code of Conduct to act ethically and responsible in its decision-making practices. The companys Code of Business Conduct develops the standard for conducting its operational activities by providing guidelines to everyone involved in its decision-making process (Code of Business Conduct, 2016). These guidelines govern and monitor the regular work activities of the company by determining the culture and values that each of its employees must adhere to while performing their job role. BHP Billiton encourages the development of a workplace where employees are empowered to participate in the decision-making process. The companys supervisors and managers holds the responsibility of ensuring that Code of Conduct is followed by employees and they are involved in all the decisions taken by the management. The company also provides a global business conduct advisory service for resolving the queries and issues related to its ethical obligations (Code of Business Conduct, 2016). The company maintains integrity in its financial reporting system through establishing an audit committee that holds the responsibility of supporting and advising the board regarding the appropriateness of accounting policies and practices (Risk and Audit Committee Terms of Reference, 2016). The committee is responsible for monitoring the effectiveness of internal and external audits carried by the company. It holds the power of implementing changes in the financial reporting framework of the company. The committee reviews and examines the financial statements and other information related to financial condition of the company with management and external auditors to maintain their integration. It provides its suggestions to the board on the matters relating the fairness and balance of annual report so that is understandable and provides all the relevant financial information to all its stakeholders (Risk and Audit Committee Terms of Reference, 2016). BHP Billiton complies with the disclosure obligations through developing a Market Disclosure and Communications Document (Market Disclosure and Communications, 2015). The document contains all the materialistic information regarding the company about its internal processes and the communication strategies adopted by it to interact with shareholders and other market participants. The company has also established its Disclosure Committee that holds the responsibility of ensuring that all materialistic information is reported to the stick exchange according to the listing rules and regulations. The corporate governance framework of the company ensures that BHP provides timely and accurate information about its financial performance, strategies and operational activities to all the shareholders and public in general. In addition to this, the communication policy of the company also protects the rights of its shareholders by providing them all the information regarding the companys perfor mance. Disclosure officers are obliged to provide all the material information to the shareholders and also ensure that the information discloses is true and not misleading in nay regard. The communication policy of the company also takes into account that any sensitive information is not provided to any third party (Market Disclosure and Communications, 2015). BHP has also established its independent risk committee to support the Board in matters relating to the occurrence of nay emergency condition. It reviews the major risks faced by the company that can negatively impact its performance and sustainability. The CEO develops effective procedures and standards to be adopted for mitigating the risk identified. The committee also ensures that CEO has implemented an appropriate internal control system to identify, manage and control the risk (Risk and Audit Committee Terms of Reference, 2016). The board has the obligation of maintaining the independency of the risk committee developed for maximizing its effectiveness. The committee will govern that the company has maintained an effective system of internal control over financial reporting necessary for ensuring its sustainability and long-term growth. The risk committee has to also ensure that the company has maintained an effective internal audit committee and carried out its functions indep endent of external audit committee. The CEO has to present the results obtained through internal control and risk management to the risk committee for enhancing the companys operational effectiveness. The risk committee develops and implement necessary strategy and standards required for managing and controlling the organizational risks (Risk and Audit Committee Terms of Reference, 2016). BHP Billiton has also developed its independent remuneration committee for rendering its support to the board members on the issues relating to compensation. The committee is responsible for acting as advisory body to Board in matters related to the development of remuneration policy that decides the compensation offered to senior executives, non-executives and other management people. It also ensures that the remuneration received by everyone in the company is directly related with their performances. Remuneration committee conducts performance evaluation, develops incentive plan and governance responsibilities related to the compensation. The committee does not hold any responsibility of determining the remuneration offered to Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and other members of the Operations Management Committee (OMC). Thus, on the basis of all the above discussion held it can be stated that BHP Billion has implemented a strong corporate governance framework that is in accordance with ASX corporate governance principles and standards (Remuneration Committee Terms of Reference, 2016). Recommendations To provide for better corporate governance policies in BHP Billiton following recommendations are provided: It is essential to establish a positive communication channel between management and with all the other stakeholders as investors, employees and other important stakeholders have direct interest with company growth. Company need to recognize that good governance is not a hard compliance but it is something that balances the overall growth of company taking all aspects of social as well as corporate responsibility. It is must to have clear role and strategy for each director so that all activities go smoothly and also help the owners to keep the directors independent. It is duty of directors to pursue and keep a check on the organization performance on timely basis and there should be proper channel for reporting (Corporate governance, 2013). Conclusion At last it can be concluded that corporate governance is not only the compliance requirement but it is social reasonability of everyone in the organization. BHP Billiton confers with the corporate governance with applying best practices and standards defined by Australian Stock Exchange. Still there are some recommendations provided above that can help them to make corporate governance stronger. References ASX Corporate Governance Council. 2014. [Online]. Available at:https://www.asx.com.au/documents/asx-compliance/cgc-principles-and-recommendations-3rd-edn.pdf[Accessed on: 8 September 2016]. BHP Billiton. 2016. Corporate Governance. [Online]. Available at: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/aboutus/ourcompany/governance[Accessed on: 8 September 2016]. Board Governance Document. 2016. [Online]. 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